- Stata is a suite of applications used for data analysis, data management, and graphics. All analyses can be reproduced and documented for publication and review. Version control ensures statistical programs will continue to produce the same results no matter when you wrote them.
- You can download a free trial copy of Stat/Transfer that you can use with your own data. You will get a completly functioning copy, that is identical to a purchased version, except that one out of every sixteen cases will not be transferred.
Stata is a complete, integrated statistical software package that provides everything you need for data analysis, data management, and graphics. Stata is not sold in pieces, which means you get everything you need in one package. Want to see if Stata is right for you? Get started with a short-term evaluation license. An evaluation license is the full version of Stata, allowing you to explore all the features of Stata. Enjoy Stata's world-class Technical Support while you are evaluating Stata. Or participate in a Ready.Set. If you cannot download STATA 14 from my blogger,you can download it from other website with the trial version, and then,in order to enable to use this program is you just open the file with name STATA.ILC in the STATA folder with Notepad and clear all,then copy this 10699393!4gpp mkha 3yqe 3o9v g1m7 iu6j ou5j!tsrk!Mengkimtong!CSUK!
Stata has excellent graphic facilities, accessible through the graph
command, see help graph
for an overview. The most common graphs in statistics are X-Y plots showing points or lines. These are available in Stata through the twoway
subcommand, which in turn has many sub-subcommands or plot types, the most important of which are scatter
and line
. I will also describe briefly bar plots, available through the bar
subcommand, and other plot types.
Stata 10 introduced a graphics editor that can be used to modify a graph interactively. I do not recomment this practice, however, because it conflicts with the goals of documenting and ensuring reproducibility of all the steps in your research.
All the graphs in this section (except where noted) use a custom scheme with blue titles and a white background, but otherwise should look the same as your own graphs. I discuss schemes in Section 3.2.5.
Chocolatey is software management automation for Windows that wraps installers, executables, zips, and scripts into compiled packages. Chocolatey integrates w/SCCM, Puppet, Chef, etc. Chocolatey is trusted by businesses to manage software deployments. Adobe air 32.0.0.125 download. The Adobe AIR runtime enables developers to deploy standalone applications built with HTML, JavaScript, ActionScript, Flex, Adobe Flash Professional, and Adobe Flash Builder across platforms and devices — including Android, BlackBerry, iOS devices, personal computers, and televisions. I need to download this version of AIR, but I could not find any link. (AIR SDK & Compiler 32.0.0.89).
3.1 Scatterplots
In this section I will illustrate a few plots using the data on fertility decline first used in Section 2.1. To read the data from net-aware Stata type
To whet your appetite, here's the plot that we will produce in this section:
3.1.1 A Simple Scatterplot
To produce a simple scatterplot of fertility change by social setting you use the command
Note that you specify y
first, then x
. Stata labels the axes using the variable labels, if they are defined, or variable names if not. The command may be abbreviated to twoway scatter
, or just scatter
if that is the only plot on the graph. We will now add a few bells and whistles.
3.1.2 Fitted Lines
Suppose we want to show the fitted regression line as well. In some packages you would need to run a regression, compute the fitted line, and then plot it. Stata can do all that in one step using the lfit
plot type. (There is also a qfit
plot for quadratic fits.) This can be combined with the scatter plot by enclosing each sub-plot in parenthesis. (One can also combine plots using two horizontal bars ||
to separate them.)
Now suppose we wanted to put confidence bands around the regression line. Stata can do this with the lfitci
plot type, which draws the confidence region as a gray band. (There is also a qfitci
band for quadratic fits.) Because the confidence band can obscure some points we draw the region first and the points later
Note that this command doesn't label the y-axis but uses a legend instead. You could specify a label for the y-axis using the ytitle()
option, and omit the (rather obvious) legend using legend(off)
. Here we specify both as options to the twoway
command. To make the options more obvious to the reader, I put the comma at the start of a new line:
3.1.3 Labeling Points
There are many options that allow you to control the markers used for the points, including their shape and color, see help marker_options
. It is also possible to label the points with the values of a variable, using the mlabel(varname)
option. In the next step we add the country names to the plot:
One slight problem with the labels is the overlap of Costa Rica and Trinidad Tobago (and to a lesser extent Panama and Nicaragua). We can solve this problem by specifying the position of the label relative to the marker using a 12-hour clock (so 12 is above, 3 is to the right, 6 is below and 9 is to the left of the marker) and the mlabv()
option. We create a variable to hold the position set by default to 3 o'clock and then move Costa Rica to 9 o'clock and Trinidad Tobago to just a bit above that at 11 o'clock (we can also move Nicaragua and Panama up a bit, say to 2 o'clock):
Cod nazi zombies free download. This is Version 1.2 with more maps. To view the list of maps, press while in game, and then type 'maps'. To play a map, press while in game and then type 'map.name of map.'. 'Nazi Zombies Portable' recreates 'Nazi Zombies' game mode on the PSP. RSS Related Files. Download RAR, then extract the nzp folder and replace the original one. Nazi Zombies Portable v1.0 Source Code Dec 25 2014 Source Code 19 comments. Now for the first time in nazi zombies portable history, we are going full on open source!
The command to generate this version of the graph is as follows
3.1.4 Titles, Legends and Captions
There are options that apply to all two-way graphs, including titles, labels, and legends. Stata graphs can have a title()
and subtitle()
, usually at the top, and a legend()
, note()
and caption()
, usually at the bottom, type help title_options
to learn more. Usually a title is all you need. Stata 11 allows text in graphs to include bold, italics, greek letters, mathematical symbols, and a choice of fonts. Stata 14 introduced Unicode, greatly expanding what can be done. Type help graph text
to learn more.
Our final tweak to the graph will be to add a legend to specify the linear fit and 95% confidence interval, but not fertility decline itself. We do this using the order(2 'linear fit' 1 '95% CI')
option of the legend to label the second and first items in that order. We also use ring(0)
to move the legend inside the plotting area, and pos(5)
to place the legend box near the 5 o'clock position. Our complete command is then
The result is the graph shown at the beginning of this section.
3.1.5 Axis Scales and Labels
There are options that control the scaling and range of the axes, including xscale()
and yscale()
, which can be arithmetic, log, or reversed, type help axis_scale_options
to learn more. Other options control the placing and labeling of major and minor ticks and labels, such as as xlabel()
, xtick()
and xmtick()
, and similarly for the y-axis, see help axis_label_options
. Usually the defaults are acceptable, but it's nice to know that you can change them.
3.2 Line Plots
I will illustrate line plots using data on U.S. life expectancy, available as one of the datasets shipped with Stata. (Try sysuse dir
to see what else is available.)
The idea is to plot life expectancy for white and black males over the 20th century. Again, to whet your appetite I'll start by showing you the final product, and then we will build the graph bit by bit.
3.2.1 A Simple Line Plot
The simplest plot uses all the defaults:
If you are puzzled by the dip before 1920, Google 'US life expectancy 1918'. We could abbreviate the command to twoway line
, or even line
if that's all we are plotting. (This shortcut only works for scatter
and line
.)
The line
plot allows you to specify more than one 'y' variable, the order is y1, y2, …, ym, x. In our example we specified two, corresponding to white and black life expectancy. Alternatively, we could have used two line plots: (line le_wmale year) (line le_bmale year)
.
3.2.2 Titles and Legends
The default graph is quite good, but the legend seems too wordy. We will move most of the information to the title and keep only ethnicity in the legend:
Here I used three options, which as usual in Stata go after a comma: title
, subtitle
and legend
. The legend
option has many sub options; I used order
to list the keys and their labels, saying that the first line represented whites and the second blacks. To omit a key you just leave it out of the list. To add text without a matching key use a hyphen (or minus sign) for the key. There are many other legend options, see help legend_option
to learn more.
I would like to use space a bit better by moving the legend inside the plot area, say around the 5 o'clock position, where improving life expectancy has left some spare room. As noted earlier we can move the legend inside the plotting area by using ring(0)
, the 'inner circle', and place it near the 5 o'clock position using pos(5)
. Because these are legend sub-options they have to go insidelegend()
:
3.2.3 Line Styles
I don't know about you, but I find hard to distinguish the default lines on the plot. Stata lets you control the line style in different ways. The clstyle()
option lets you use a named style, such as foreground
, grid
, yxline
, or p1-p15
for the styles used by lines 1 to 15, see help linestyle
. This is useful if you want to pick your style elements from a scheme, as noted further below.
Alternatively, you can specify the three components of a style: the line pattern, width and color:
- Patterns are specified using the
clpattern()
option. The most common patterns aresolid
,dash
, anddot
; seehelp linepatternstyle
for more information.
Stata Trial Version
- Line width is specified using
clwidth()
; the available options includethin
,medium
andthick
, seehelp linewidthstyle
for more.
- Colors can be specified using the
clcolor()
option using color names (such asred
,white
andblue
,teal
,sienna
, and many others) or RGB values, seehelp colorstyle
.
Here's how to specify blue for whites and red for blacks:
Note that clcolor()
is an option of the line plot, so I put parentheses round the line
command and inserted it there.
3.2.4 Scale Options
It looks as if improvements in life expectancy slowed down a bit in the second half of the century. This can be better appreciated using a log scale, where a straight line would indicate a constant percent improvement. This is easily done using the axis options of the two-way command, see help axis_options
, and in particular yscale()
, which lets you choose arithmetic
, log
, or reversed
scales. There's also a suboption range()
to control the plotting range. Here I will specify the y-range as 25 to 80 to move the curves a bit up:
3.2.5 Graph Schemes
Stata uses schemes to control the appearance of graphs, see help scheme
. You can set the default scheme to be used in all graphs with set scheme_name
. You can also redisplay the (last) graph using a different scheme with graph display, scheme(scheme_name
).
To see a list of available schemes type graph query, schemes
. Try s2color
for screen graphs, s1manual
for the style used in the Stata manuals, and economist
for the style used in The Economist. Using the latter we obtain the graph shown at the start of this section.
3.3 Other Graphs
I conclude the graphics section discussing bar graphs, box plots, and kernel density plots using area graphs with transparency.
3.3.1 Bar Graphs
Bar graphs may be used to plot the frequency distribution of a categorical variable, or to plot descriptive statistics of a continuous variable within groups defined by a categorical variables. For our examples we will use the city temperature data that ships with Stata.
If I was to just type graph bar, over(region)
I would obtain the frequency distribution of the region variable. Let us show instead the average temperatures in January and July. To do this I could specify (mean) tempjan (mean) tempjuly
, but because the default statistic is the mean I can use the shorter version below. I think the default legend is too long, so I also specified a custom one.
I use over()
so the regions are overlaid in the same graph; using by()
instead, would result in a graph with a separate panel for each region. The bargap()
option controls the gap between bars for different statistics in the same over group; here I put a small space. The gap()
option, not used here, controls the space between bars for different over groups. I also set the intensity of the color fill to 70%, which I think looks nicer.
Obviously the north-east and north-central regions are much colder in January than the south and west. There is less variation in July, but temperatures are higher in the south.
3.3.2 Box Plots
A quick summary of the distribution of a variable may be obtained using a 'box-and-wiskers' plot, which draws a box ranging from the first to the third quartile, with a line at the median, and adds 'wiskers' going out from the box to the adjacent values, defined as the highest and lowest values that are no farther from the median than 1.5 times the inter-quartile range. Values further out are outliers, indicated by circles.
Let us draw a box plot of January temperatures by region. I will use the over(region)
option, so the boxes will be overlaid in the same graph, rather than by(region)
, which would produce a separate panel for each region. The option sort(1)
arranges the boxes in order of the median of tempjan
, the first (and in this case only) variable. I also set the box color to a nice blue by specifying the Red, Blue and Green (RGB) color components in a scale of 0 to 255:
Stata Trial Version Free Download
We see that January temperatures are lower and less variable in the north-east and north-central regions, with quite a few cities with unusually cold averages.
3.3.3 Kernel Density Estimates
A more detailed view of the distribution of a variable may be obtained using a smooth histogram, calculated using a kernel density smoother using the kdensity
command.
Let us run separate kernel density estimates for January temperatures in each region using all the defaults, and save the results.
Next we plot the density estimates using area plots with a floor at zero. Because the densities overlap, I use the new opacity option introduced in Stata 15 to make them 50% transparent. In this case I used color names, followed by a %
symbol and the opacity. I also simplify the legend a bit, match the order of the densities, and put it in the top right corner of the plot.
The plot gives us a clear picture of regional differences in January temperatures, with colder and narrower distributions in the north-east and north-central regions, and warmer with quite a bit of overlap in the south and west.
3.4 Managing Graphs
Stata keeps track of the last graph you have drawn, which is stored in memory, and calls it 'Graph'. You can actually keep more than one graph in memory if you use the name()
option to name the graph when you create it. This is useful for combining graphs, type help graph combine
to learn more. Note that graphs kept in memory disappear when you exit Stata, even if you save the data, unless you save the graph itself.
To save the current graph on disk using Stata's own format, type graph save filename
. This command has two options, replace
, which you need to use if the file already exists, and asis
, which freezes the graph (including its current style) and then saves it. The default is to save the graph in a live format that can be edited in future sessions, for example by changing the scheme. After saving a graph in Stata format you can load it from the disk with the command graph use filename
. (Note that graph save
and graph use
are analogous to save
and use
for Stata files.) Any graph stored in memory can be displayed using graph display [name]
. (You can also list, describe, rename, copy, or drop graphs stored in memory, type help graph_manipulation
to learn more.)
If you plan to incorporate the graph in another document you will probably need to save it in a more portable format. Stata's command graph export filename
can export the graph using a wide variety of vector or raster formats, usually specified by the file extension. Vector formats such as Windows metafile (wmf or emf) or Adobe's PostScript and its variants (ps, eps, pdf) contain essentially drawing instructions and are thus resolution independent, so they are best for inclusion in other documents where they may be resized. Raster formats such as Portable Network Graphics (png) save the image pixel by pixel using the current display resolution, and are best for inclusion in web pages. Stata 15 added Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), a vector image format that is supported by all major modern web browsers.
You can also print a graph using graph print
, or copy and paste it into a document using the Windows clipboard; to do this right click on the window containing the graph and then select copy from the context menu.
Continue with 4. Programming Stata
You can download a free trial copy of Stat/Transfer that you can use with your own data. You will get a completly functioning copy, that is identical to a purchased version, except that one out of every sixteen cases will not be transferred. That way, you can fully evaluate Stat/Transfer before you purchase it and see how easy it is to use and how much time it can save you.
When you decide to purchase Stat/Transfer you will instantly get a code that you can use to activate your copy and transfer all of your records.
To download a trial copy, please click on the appropriate link below. If you are already a licensed Stat/
Transfer user, please click here.
Our complete manual is available in the online help, in HTML format online, or in PDF format for download
Stata has excellent graphic facilities, accessible through the graph
command, see help graph
for an overview. The most common graphs in statistics are X-Y plots showing points or lines. These are available in Stata through the twoway
subcommand, which in turn has many sub-subcommands or plot types, the most important of which are scatter
and line
. I will also describe briefly bar plots, available through the bar
subcommand, and other plot types.
Stata 10 introduced a graphics editor that can be used to modify a graph interactively. I do not recomment this practice, however, because it conflicts with the goals of documenting and ensuring reproducibility of all the steps in your research.
All the graphs in this section (except where noted) use a custom scheme with blue titles and a white background, but otherwise should look the same as your own graphs. I discuss schemes in Section 3.2.5.
Chocolatey is software management automation for Windows that wraps installers, executables, zips, and scripts into compiled packages. Chocolatey integrates w/SCCM, Puppet, Chef, etc. Chocolatey is trusted by businesses to manage software deployments. Adobe air 32.0.0.125 download. The Adobe AIR runtime enables developers to deploy standalone applications built with HTML, JavaScript, ActionScript, Flex, Adobe Flash Professional, and Adobe Flash Builder across platforms and devices — including Android, BlackBerry, iOS devices, personal computers, and televisions. I need to download this version of AIR, but I could not find any link. (AIR SDK & Compiler 32.0.0.89).
3.1 Scatterplots
In this section I will illustrate a few plots using the data on fertility decline first used in Section 2.1. To read the data from net-aware Stata type
To whet your appetite, here's the plot that we will produce in this section:
3.1.1 A Simple Scatterplot
To produce a simple scatterplot of fertility change by social setting you use the command
Note that you specify y
first, then x
. Stata labels the axes using the variable labels, if they are defined, or variable names if not. The command may be abbreviated to twoway scatter
, or just scatter
if that is the only plot on the graph. We will now add a few bells and whistles.
3.1.2 Fitted Lines
Suppose we want to show the fitted regression line as well. In some packages you would need to run a regression, compute the fitted line, and then plot it. Stata can do all that in one step using the lfit
plot type. (There is also a qfit
plot for quadratic fits.) This can be combined with the scatter plot by enclosing each sub-plot in parenthesis. (One can also combine plots using two horizontal bars ||
to separate them.)
Now suppose we wanted to put confidence bands around the regression line. Stata can do this with the lfitci
plot type, which draws the confidence region as a gray band. (There is also a qfitci
band for quadratic fits.) Because the confidence band can obscure some points we draw the region first and the points later
Note that this command doesn't label the y-axis but uses a legend instead. You could specify a label for the y-axis using the ytitle()
option, and omit the (rather obvious) legend using legend(off)
. Here we specify both as options to the twoway
command. To make the options more obvious to the reader, I put the comma at the start of a new line:
3.1.3 Labeling Points
There are many options that allow you to control the markers used for the points, including their shape and color, see help marker_options
. It is also possible to label the points with the values of a variable, using the mlabel(varname)
option. In the next step we add the country names to the plot:
One slight problem with the labels is the overlap of Costa Rica and Trinidad Tobago (and to a lesser extent Panama and Nicaragua). We can solve this problem by specifying the position of the label relative to the marker using a 12-hour clock (so 12 is above, 3 is to the right, 6 is below and 9 is to the left of the marker) and the mlabv()
option. We create a variable to hold the position set by default to 3 o'clock and then move Costa Rica to 9 o'clock and Trinidad Tobago to just a bit above that at 11 o'clock (we can also move Nicaragua and Panama up a bit, say to 2 o'clock):
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The command to generate this version of the graph is as follows
3.1.4 Titles, Legends and Captions
There are options that apply to all two-way graphs, including titles, labels, and legends. Stata graphs can have a title()
and subtitle()
, usually at the top, and a legend()
, note()
and caption()
, usually at the bottom, type help title_options
to learn more. Usually a title is all you need. Stata 11 allows text in graphs to include bold, italics, greek letters, mathematical symbols, and a choice of fonts. Stata 14 introduced Unicode, greatly expanding what can be done. Type help graph text
to learn more.
Our final tweak to the graph will be to add a legend to specify the linear fit and 95% confidence interval, but not fertility decline itself. We do this using the order(2 'linear fit' 1 '95% CI')
option of the legend to label the second and first items in that order. We also use ring(0)
to move the legend inside the plotting area, and pos(5)
to place the legend box near the 5 o'clock position. Our complete command is then
The result is the graph shown at the beginning of this section.
3.1.5 Axis Scales and Labels
There are options that control the scaling and range of the axes, including xscale()
and yscale()
, which can be arithmetic, log, or reversed, type help axis_scale_options
to learn more. Other options control the placing and labeling of major and minor ticks and labels, such as as xlabel()
, xtick()
and xmtick()
, and similarly for the y-axis, see help axis_label_options
. Usually the defaults are acceptable, but it's nice to know that you can change them.
3.2 Line Plots
I will illustrate line plots using data on U.S. life expectancy, available as one of the datasets shipped with Stata. (Try sysuse dir
to see what else is available.)
The idea is to plot life expectancy for white and black males over the 20th century. Again, to whet your appetite I'll start by showing you the final product, and then we will build the graph bit by bit.
3.2.1 A Simple Line Plot
The simplest plot uses all the defaults:
If you are puzzled by the dip before 1920, Google 'US life expectancy 1918'. We could abbreviate the command to twoway line
, or even line
if that's all we are plotting. (This shortcut only works for scatter
and line
.)
The line
plot allows you to specify more than one 'y' variable, the order is y1, y2, …, ym, x. In our example we specified two, corresponding to white and black life expectancy. Alternatively, we could have used two line plots: (line le_wmale year) (line le_bmale year)
.
3.2.2 Titles and Legends
The default graph is quite good, but the legend seems too wordy. We will move most of the information to the title and keep only ethnicity in the legend:
Here I used three options, which as usual in Stata go after a comma: title
, subtitle
and legend
. The legend
option has many sub options; I used order
to list the keys and their labels, saying that the first line represented whites and the second blacks. To omit a key you just leave it out of the list. To add text without a matching key use a hyphen (or minus sign) for the key. There are many other legend options, see help legend_option
to learn more.
I would like to use space a bit better by moving the legend inside the plot area, say around the 5 o'clock position, where improving life expectancy has left some spare room. As noted earlier we can move the legend inside the plotting area by using ring(0)
, the 'inner circle', and place it near the 5 o'clock position using pos(5)
. Because these are legend sub-options they have to go insidelegend()
:
3.2.3 Line Styles
I don't know about you, but I find hard to distinguish the default lines on the plot. Stata lets you control the line style in different ways. The clstyle()
option lets you use a named style, such as foreground
, grid
, yxline
, or p1-p15
for the styles used by lines 1 to 15, see help linestyle
. This is useful if you want to pick your style elements from a scheme, as noted further below.
Alternatively, you can specify the three components of a style: the line pattern, width and color:
- Patterns are specified using the
clpattern()
option. The most common patterns aresolid
,dash
, anddot
; seehelp linepatternstyle
for more information.
Stata Trial Version
- Line width is specified using
clwidth()
; the available options includethin
,medium
andthick
, seehelp linewidthstyle
for more.
- Colors can be specified using the
clcolor()
option using color names (such asred
,white
andblue
,teal
,sienna
, and many others) or RGB values, seehelp colorstyle
.
Here's how to specify blue for whites and red for blacks:
Note that clcolor()
is an option of the line plot, so I put parentheses round the line
command and inserted it there.
3.2.4 Scale Options
It looks as if improvements in life expectancy slowed down a bit in the second half of the century. This can be better appreciated using a log scale, where a straight line would indicate a constant percent improvement. This is easily done using the axis options of the two-way command, see help axis_options
, and in particular yscale()
, which lets you choose arithmetic
, log
, or reversed
scales. There's also a suboption range()
to control the plotting range. Here I will specify the y-range as 25 to 80 to move the curves a bit up:
3.2.5 Graph Schemes
Stata uses schemes to control the appearance of graphs, see help scheme
. You can set the default scheme to be used in all graphs with set scheme_name
. You can also redisplay the (last) graph using a different scheme with graph display, scheme(scheme_name
).
To see a list of available schemes type graph query, schemes
. Try s2color
for screen graphs, s1manual
for the style used in the Stata manuals, and economist
for the style used in The Economist. Using the latter we obtain the graph shown at the start of this section.
3.3 Other Graphs
I conclude the graphics section discussing bar graphs, box plots, and kernel density plots using area graphs with transparency.
3.3.1 Bar Graphs
Bar graphs may be used to plot the frequency distribution of a categorical variable, or to plot descriptive statistics of a continuous variable within groups defined by a categorical variables. For our examples we will use the city temperature data that ships with Stata.
If I was to just type graph bar, over(region)
I would obtain the frequency distribution of the region variable. Let us show instead the average temperatures in January and July. To do this I could specify (mean) tempjan (mean) tempjuly
, but because the default statistic is the mean I can use the shorter version below. I think the default legend is too long, so I also specified a custom one.
I use over()
so the regions are overlaid in the same graph; using by()
instead, would result in a graph with a separate panel for each region. The bargap()
option controls the gap between bars for different statistics in the same over group; here I put a small space. The gap()
option, not used here, controls the space between bars for different over groups. I also set the intensity of the color fill to 70%, which I think looks nicer.
Obviously the north-east and north-central regions are much colder in January than the south and west. There is less variation in July, but temperatures are higher in the south.
3.3.2 Box Plots
A quick summary of the distribution of a variable may be obtained using a 'box-and-wiskers' plot, which draws a box ranging from the first to the third quartile, with a line at the median, and adds 'wiskers' going out from the box to the adjacent values, defined as the highest and lowest values that are no farther from the median than 1.5 times the inter-quartile range. Values further out are outliers, indicated by circles.
Let us draw a box plot of January temperatures by region. I will use the over(region)
option, so the boxes will be overlaid in the same graph, rather than by(region)
, which would produce a separate panel for each region. The option sort(1)
arranges the boxes in order of the median of tempjan
, the first (and in this case only) variable. I also set the box color to a nice blue by specifying the Red, Blue and Green (RGB) color components in a scale of 0 to 255:
Stata Trial Version Free Download
We see that January temperatures are lower and less variable in the north-east and north-central regions, with quite a few cities with unusually cold averages.
3.3.3 Kernel Density Estimates
A more detailed view of the distribution of a variable may be obtained using a smooth histogram, calculated using a kernel density smoother using the kdensity
command.
Let us run separate kernel density estimates for January temperatures in each region using all the defaults, and save the results.
Next we plot the density estimates using area plots with a floor at zero. Because the densities overlap, I use the new opacity option introduced in Stata 15 to make them 50% transparent. In this case I used color names, followed by a %
symbol and the opacity. I also simplify the legend a bit, match the order of the densities, and put it in the top right corner of the plot.
The plot gives us a clear picture of regional differences in January temperatures, with colder and narrower distributions in the north-east and north-central regions, and warmer with quite a bit of overlap in the south and west.
3.4 Managing Graphs
Stata keeps track of the last graph you have drawn, which is stored in memory, and calls it 'Graph'. You can actually keep more than one graph in memory if you use the name()
option to name the graph when you create it. This is useful for combining graphs, type help graph combine
to learn more. Note that graphs kept in memory disappear when you exit Stata, even if you save the data, unless you save the graph itself.
To save the current graph on disk using Stata's own format, type graph save filename
. This command has two options, replace
, which you need to use if the file already exists, and asis
, which freezes the graph (including its current style) and then saves it. The default is to save the graph in a live format that can be edited in future sessions, for example by changing the scheme. After saving a graph in Stata format you can load it from the disk with the command graph use filename
. (Note that graph save
and graph use
are analogous to save
and use
for Stata files.) Any graph stored in memory can be displayed using graph display [name]
. (You can also list, describe, rename, copy, or drop graphs stored in memory, type help graph_manipulation
to learn more.)
If you plan to incorporate the graph in another document you will probably need to save it in a more portable format. Stata's command graph export filename
can export the graph using a wide variety of vector or raster formats, usually specified by the file extension. Vector formats such as Windows metafile (wmf or emf) or Adobe's PostScript and its variants (ps, eps, pdf) contain essentially drawing instructions and are thus resolution independent, so they are best for inclusion in other documents where they may be resized. Raster formats such as Portable Network Graphics (png) save the image pixel by pixel using the current display resolution, and are best for inclusion in web pages. Stata 15 added Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), a vector image format that is supported by all major modern web browsers.
You can also print a graph using graph print
, or copy and paste it into a document using the Windows clipboard; to do this right click on the window containing the graph and then select copy from the context menu.
Continue with 4. Programming Stata
You can download a free trial copy of Stat/Transfer that you can use with your own data. You will get a completly functioning copy, that is identical to a purchased version, except that one out of every sixteen cases will not be transferred. That way, you can fully evaluate Stat/Transfer before you purchase it and see how easy it is to use and how much time it can save you.
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